This article shows the example calculation for Warping Angle and Warping factor for a Quadrilateral element.
Warping Angle Calculation Example of a Quadrilateral Element:
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Let "ABCD" is the quadrilateral element with the nodal co-ordinates A(10,15,0), B(25,25,0), C(35,15,5), and D(25,5,-5) as shown in the figure below.
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With ABCD quadrilateral element two sets of triangular planes are possible ABD &BCD and ABC & ACD.
Step-2: Angle Between ABD & BCD:​
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First Construct two Triangular planes ABD (Plane-1) & BCD (Plane-2) as shown in the figure above.
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Now let us write equations of the first set of planes shown below.
Equation of the plane-1, ABD is:
Equation of the plane-2, BCD is:
Normal Form of Equations of Plane (1) & (2):
The Direction Cosines of Plane-1 & Plane-2 are:
So, The angle between two planes,
Angle between Plane-1 &2 is (θ1 )=42.998 degree
Step-2: Angle Between ABC & ACD:​
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Construct two Triangular planes ABC (Plane-1) & ACD (Plane-2) as shown in the figure below.
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Now let us write equations of the first set of planes shown below.
Equation of the plane-3, ABC is:
Equation of the plane-4, ACD is:
Normal Form of Equations of Plane (3) & (4):
The Direction Cosines of Plane-3 & Plane-4 are:
So, The angle between two planes,
Angle between Plane-3 &4 is (θ2 )=50.860 degree
From Step-1 & Step-2: The Warping Angle is maximum of the two angle calculated
Warping Angle = Max(θ1, θ2)=50.86°
2. Warping Factor Calculation Example of a Quadrilateral element
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Let "ABCD" is the quadrilateral element with the nodal co-ordinates A(10,15,0), B(25,25,0), C(35,15,5), and D(25,5,-5) as shown in the figure below.
Direction Cosines of AC :
Direction Cosines of BD :
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Now, We have to find the common normal to AC & BD.
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Let, The direction cosines of Common normal is l,m &n.
Since, AC ⊥ Common Normal
Similarly, Since, BD⊥Common Normal
So, the direction cosines of common Normal are:
Equation of a plane Passing Through A&C, whose normal is perpendicular to AC is:
Since it is passing through A(10,15,0)
So, Equation of Plane Passing through AC is:
Similarly, Equation of a plane Passing Through B&D, whose normal is perpendicular to BD is:
Since it is passing through B(25,25,0) ⟹ p=50
So, Equation of Plane Passing through BD is:
Now, let's find out the perpendicular distance between nodal points to the Average Plane.
The Perpendicular distance of Plane (b) from point-A(10,15,0) is:
Perpendicular distance of Average plane from Point-A is, AA'=4.811/2=2.4055 (=h)
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Similarly, BB′′=CC′′=DD′′= 4.811 and BB′=CC′=DD′=2.4055
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A’B’C’D’ is the Average normal plane of the Quad Element ABCD, which is equi-distance from all Nodes of Quad Element
Find the Projection of Nodes on the Average Normal Plane:
Projection of Node “A” on average normal plane is A’.
Since, Plane A’B’C’D’ is parallel to Plane-a & Plane-b.
So, the direction cosines of Plane A’B’C’D’ are as follows:
Let us assume, the projection of Node-A on Average Normal plane is A′ (x,y,z).
So, the direction cosines of AA′ are,
So, the direction cosines of line AA′ are ⇒
By equating these values with l, m, n, we will get x, y and z values.
So, the projection of Node-A is, A’(10.463,15.463,-2.315)
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Similarly, the Projections of other nodes B, C and D are,
B′(24.537,24.537,2.315), C′(35.463,15.463,2.685), D’(19.537,4.537,-2.685)
Area of the projected Quadrilateral on Average Normal Plane A'B'C'D':
Area of the Quad Element,∆A′B′C′ D′=∆A′B′C′+∆A′C′D′
A’B’=17.374, B’C’=14.207, C’D’=20.046, D’A’=14.207, A’C’=25.495
S1=(Perimeter of A′B′C′)/2=28.538,
S2=(Perimeter of A′C′D′)/2=29.874
Area, A=√(S(S-a)(S-b)(S-c))
Area of the projected quadrilateral on average normal plane, A=A1+A2=117.8757+141.9319=259.8
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So, the Warping factor is the ratio between "distance between two parallel planes and Square root of the area of the projected quadrilateral on average normal plane.
Warping Factor= 2h/√A= (4.811)/√(259.8) = 0.298
